21/02/2005

Dr. José de Felippe Junior

"A saúde não está na farmácia, ela se encontra na quitanda"

Temos aqui os resumos de 79 artigos discorrendo sobre a influência dos micro nutrientes nos pacientes com câncer. Na seqüência temos os autores, local, título e finalmente o resumo.

Devemos usar o bom senso e a experiência vivida para a interpretação de cada um dos estudos. È muito importante lembrar que principalmente nos trabalhos das Universidades da América do Norte encontramos o maior número de "conflitos de interesse", que na maioria das vezes passam despercebidos até para os pesquisadores mais experientes.

Sabe-se muito bem que a maioria dos trabalhos são financiados pela indústria farmacêutica, que não têm interesse algum em divulgar os efeitos benéficos dos micronutrientes e antioxidantes no tratamento das doenças degenerativas, as quais são a maior fonte de lucro porque propiciam o uso contínuo de medicamentos sintomáticos/palitivos.

Os micronutrientes e os elementos traço são facilmente obtidos da alimentação com boa quantidade de frutas, verduras,legumes e grãos integrais. Precisamos ter cuidado com os agrotóxicos, desta maneira vamos escolher alimentos da agricultura orgânica e vamos banir os enlatados e os embutidos.

NO:1
AU:Hercberg S; Galan P; Preziosi P; Roussel AM; Arnaud J; Richard MJ; Malvy D; Paul-Dauphin A; Briancon S; Favier A
AD:Institut Scientifique et Technique de la Nutrition et de l'Alimentation/CNAM, Paris .
TI:Background And Rationale Behind The SU.VI.MAX Study, a prevention trial using nutritional doses of a combination of antioxidant vitamins and minerals to reduce cardiovascular diseases and cancers. SUpplementation en VItamines et Mineraux AntioXydants Study.
SO:Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998. 68(1). P 3-20.
AB:The "SUpplementation en VItamines et MinerauxAntioXydants" (SU.VI.MAX) study is a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, primary prevention trial designed to test the efficacy of daily supplementation with antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, 120 mg; vitamin E, 30 mg; and beta-carotene, 6 mg) and minerals (selenium, 100 micrograms; and zinc, 20 mg), at nutritional doses (one to three times the daily recommended dietary allowances), in reducing the frequency of major health problems in industrialized countries, and especially the main causes of premature death (cancers and cardiovascular diseases). The study involves 12,735 eligible subjects (women aged 35 to 60 years; men aged 45 to 60 years) included in 1994 in France . They will be followed up for 8 years. The objectives and the specific design of this intervention study are linked to its public health aim. The targeted population is the general population (not simply high-risk subjects) and the antioxidant agents tested are being administered at a level which is not pharmacologic and which may be attained by dietary intake of natural sources of these micronutrients and/or enriched foods. The amounts we are testing in the SU.VI.MAX study are those which, in observational studies have been associated with the lowest risk of diseases. This report presents the rationale and discusses the justification of the design, doses and combination of antioxidant micronutrients chosen in the SU.VI.MAX study.

NO:3
AU:Patterson RE; White E; Kristal AR; Neuhouser ML; Potter JD
AD: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , WA 98109-1024 , USA .
TI:Vitamin Supplements And Cancer Risk: The epidemiologic evidence [see comments]
SO:Cancer Causes Control. 1997 Sep. 8(5). P 786-802.
AB:This report reviews published epidemiologic research on the associations of vitamin and mineral supplementation with cancer risk. Although the literature on nutrition and cancer is vast, few reports to date have addressed supplemental nutrients directly (seven clinical trials, 16 cohort, and 36 case-control studies). These studies offer insight into effects of nutrients that are distinguishable from effects of other biologically active compounds in foods. Randomized clinical trials have not shown significant protective effects of beta-carotene, but have found protective effects of: alpha-tocopherol against prostate cancer; mixtures of retinol/zinc and beta-carotene/alpha-tocopherol/selenium against stomach cancer; and selenium against total, lung, and prostate cancers. Cohort studies provide little evidence that vitamin supplements are associated with cancer. Case-control studies have reported an inverse association between bladder cancer and vitamin C; oral/pharyngeal cancer and several supplemental vitamins; and several cancers and vitamin E. A randomized clinical trial, a cohort study, and a case-control study have all found inverse associations between colon cancer and vitamin E. Overall, there is modest evidence for protective effects of nutrients from supplements against several cancers. Future studies of supplement use and cancer appear warranted; however, methodologic problems that impair ability to assess supplement use and statistical modeling of the relation between cancer risk and supplement use need attention.

NO:4
AU:Taylor PR; Albanes D; Tangrea JA
TI:To Supplement Or Not To Supplement, that is the question [editorial; comment]
SO:Cancer Causes Control. 1997 Sep. 8(5). P 685-7. CM:Comment on: Cancer Causes Control 1997 Sep;8(5):786-802

NO:5
AU:Pezonaga I; Taylor A; Dobrota M
TI:The Effects Of Platinum Chemotherapy On essential trace elements.
SO:Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 1996 Jun. 5(2). P 122-6.
AB:The effects of cisplatin chemotherapy on the metabolism of essential trace elements were investigated in 12 patients before and after treatment with cisplatin. In serum, the mean post-treatment concentrations of Cu 913.91 mumol 1-1), Zn (9.57 mumol 1-1) and Mg (0.54 mumol 1-1) were significantly reduced compared with the pre-treatment levels 919.35, 11.86 and 0.67) while Se, caeruloplasmin and C-reactive protein concentrations were unaltered. Urinary excretion of Cu, Mg and Zn were enhanced. The urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity (a marker of proximal renal tubular dysfunction) was also increased and suggests that the mechanism for decrease of certain trace elements in serum during treatment could be increased urinary excretion caused by impaired cellular metabolism. It is not clear whether the loss of trace elements via the urine has any implication for the clinical status of cancer patients treated with cisplatin.

NO:6
AU:Gauchez AS; Riondel J; Fernandes-Carlos T; Jacrot M; Guiraud P; Coudray C; Calop J; Favier A
AD:Groupe de Recherche et d'Etudes sur les Pathologies Oxydatives (GREPO), La Tronche, France.
TI:Effect Of Oestrone On The Natural killer (NK) cell activity, antioxidant status and tumour growth in athymic mice xenografted with human tumours.
SO:Anticancer Res. 1996 Mar-Apr. 16(2). P 853-9.
AB:Natural killer (NK) cells have been described as being very sensitive to oxidative stress. Thus it has been previously shown that chronic administration of oestrone in drinking water of athymic mice xenografted with a wide variety of human tumours, increases their growth and development. In this study an investigation was made to see whether oestrone supplementation could influence the NK cell activity by changes in the antioxidant defences which result in an oxidative stress and influence the proliferation of tumours. Supplementary oestrone was administered in drinking water of athymic mice xenografted with two different human tumours which lack oestrogen receptors: a bladder carcinoma and a small-cell lung carcinoma. The growth of the urothelial carcinoma was poorly affected by oestrone, but oestrone significantly (p<0.01) increased the proliferation of the small-cell lung carcinoma. The average uterus weight was increased by 62% in oestrone treated mice with no modifications in plasma zinc and selenium status, nor in erythrocyte copper zinc superoxide dismutase level. Nevertheless a slight decrease in erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity was noted. Trace elements and antioxidant enzymes in liver homogenates remained unchanged. Oestrone treatment also had no effect on plasma and liver lipid peroxides. The immune response was evaluated by measuring NK activity of splenocytes against 51Cr labelled YAC-I target cells. A 35.5% decrease in the NK activity (p<0.001) was observed after oestrone treatment and may be responsible for graft tolerance. However, the results of these experiments seem to exclude the role of oxidative stress in the modulation of NK activity.

NO:7
AU:Koyama H
AD:Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tohoku University School of Medicine.
TI:[Trace Elements: Mechanistic Aspects Of Anticarcinogenic action]
SO: Nippon Rinsho. 1996 Jan. 54(1). P 52-8.
AB:Trace elements play important roles and are increasingly recognized as versatile anticarcinogenic agents. Several biologic mechanisms have been proposed to explain how trace elements could reduce the incidence of a number of different cancers. The proposed mechanisms involve the antioxidant potential of trace element dependent enzyme system, induction of metallothionein, effects on immune response and DNA repair system, alterations of carcinogen metabolism, and apoptosis of the initiated cells. However, epidemiologic studies have failed to support the hypothesis that enhanced trace element status reduces the risk of cancer. Furthermore, several animal and in vitro studies have shown carcinogenic potentials of trace elements. A few chemoprevention trials with trace elements have now been conducted.

NO:8
TI:Trace Elements In Vascular Disease, Tumor prevention, growth and aging, and environmental studies. Proceedings of the 3rd annual meeting of the Italian Association or the Study of Trace Elements in Living Organisms. Modena , Italy , October 28-29, 1994 .
SO:Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996 Jan. 51(1). P 1-131.

NO:9
AU:Bender DA
AD:Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London , United Kingdom .
TI:Tryptophan and niacin nutrition--is there a problem?
SO:Adv Exp Med Biol. 1996. 398P 565-9.

NO:10
AU:Grinevich IuA; Bendiug GD
TI:[The mechanism of the immunomodulating action of Beres Drops Plus]
SO:Lik Sprava. 1995 May-Jun. (5-6). P 133-5.
AB:Beres Drops Plus were found to raise the number of E-RFCs, being formed by lymphocytes of peripheral blood of subjects presenting with low levels of T-cells, and to increase the production of substances possessing thymosine-like activity (STLA) by lymphocytes and epithelial cells of the murine thymus gland. In vitro the drug preparation in question enhances endocrine function of thymus in normal animals and the organism's capacity to induce STLA synthesis following thymectomy. These findings are useful in devising rational schemes of rehabilitation of immune system with the drug preparation Beres Drops Plus in secondary immunodeficiency states developing in cases presenting with precancer conditions, malignant neoplasia, in those subjects having taken part in the elimination of the Chernobyl NPP accident aftermath, those residing on the territories controlled, as well as evolving on account of aging.

NO:11
AU:Yoshinaga J; Suzuki T; Morita M; Hayakawa M
AD:National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki , Japan .
TI:Trace Elements In Ribs Of Elderly people and elemental variation in the presence of chronic diseases.
SO:Sci Total Environ. 1995 Jan 27. 162(2-3). P 239-52.
AB:Element concentrations in ribs obtained from elderly Japanese people (17 males and 28 females; mean age, 81.5 years) were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and ICP mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Nine elements--Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Sr, and Pb--were determinable in most of the subjects by a combination of AAS and ICP-AES. The levels of these elements were generally comparable with those obtained in our previous study on ribs from younger Japanese. By the use of ICP-MS, Sn (median, 0.79 micrograms/g dry bone) and Ba (1.3 micrograms/g) were determinable in all of the subjects analysed (n = 35) and 18 other elements at lower concentration levels were also detected in some of the subjects. An exploratory statistical analysis was carried out to find element(s) of which level(s) in rib vary in the presence of degenerative chronic diseases, using information obtained from pathological autopsy reports and medical histories of the present subjects. It indicated that (i) Pb and Zn, (ii) Ba, and (iii) Sr levels in the ribs varied in the presence of cancer, cerebrovascular damage, and bone problems, respectively. The present results were discussed in relation to the results of the previous epidemiologic and experimental studies.

NO:12
AU:Neve J; Wasowicz W; Quivy D; Parij N; Van Gossum A; Peretz A
AD:Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Free University of Brussels , Belgium .
TI:Lipid Peroxidation Assessed By Serum Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in healthy subjects and in patients with pathologies known to affect trace element status.
SO:Biol Trace Elem Res. 1995 Jan-Mar. 47(1-3). P 147-53.
AB:Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), Zn, Cu, and Se concentrations were determined in 47 healthy adults and in patients with diseases, such as renal insufficiency, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, chronic pancreatitis, liver cirrhosis, or cancer, in order to clarify the relationship between this indicator of lipid peroxidation and antioxidative trace element status. TBARS levels were higher than control values in all pathological cases, except in cancer patients. Cu levels in patients highly correlated with ferroxidase ceruloplasmin activity (r = 0.86), but were only statistically different from controls in diabetics. Zn levels were lower than normal in dialysis, liver cirrhosis, and cancer patients. Se levels were significantly decreased in all pathological cases. Half of the subjects with liver cirrhosis or renal insufficiency and 3/4 of chronic pancreatitis or cancer patients had an active inflammatory process. Despite intense modifications in determined indicators, no clear correlation could be demonstrated between the different parameters. Basic antioxidative trace element status and inflammation are therefore not major determinants of TBARS levels in normal and in pathological conditions, despite of the frequent association of low serum Zn and mainly low serum Se with high TBARS levels.

NO:13
AU:Faber M; Coudray C; Hida H; Mousseau M; Favier A
AD:Laboratoire de Biochimie C, Hopital Albert Michallon, Grenoble , France .
TI:Lipid Peroxidation Products, And Vitamin And trace element status in patients with cancer before and after chemotherapy, including adriamycin. A preliminary study.
SO:Biol Trace Elem Res. 1995 Jan-Mar. 47(1-3). P 117-23.
AB:Adriamycin is a potent chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of human neoplastic diseases. A major side effect limiting the use of this drug is its toxic effect on the heart. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the cardiotoxicity of Adriamycin. However, the most plausible hypothesis seems to be the reduction of Adriamycin and free radical production, which induces lipid peroxidation and oxidative damages in the heart. We have thus undertaken this preliminary study to investigate Adriamycin-induced lipid peroxidation by the measurement of plasma thiobarbituric acid reactant materials and antioxidant systems, namely glutathione content, glutathione peroxidase activity, and vitamin and trace element status, in patients with cancer before and after chemotherapy, including Adriamycin. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactant materials in plasma of patients with cancer was higher than in controls and was further increased after chemotherapy. Blood glutathione and plasma glutathione peroxidase activity, as well as plasma zinc and selenium in patients with cancer, were decreased, but not further modified by chemotherapy. However, only zinc and selenium levels reached a significant level. In contrast, plasma vitamin E and beta-carotene levels were not significantly increased in patients with cancer. Finally, plasma vitamin A and copper levels were not modified either in patients with cancer or by chemotherapy.

NO:14
AU:Key T
AD:Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford .
TI:Micronutrients And Cancer Aetiology: The Epidemiological evidence.
SO:Proc Nutr Soc. 1994 Nov. 53(3). P 605-14.
AB:Micronutrient deficiencies occur most commonly in poor countries and, therefore, are most likely to be associated with cancers common in these countries. Epidemiological studies are hampered by inaccurate measurement of micronutrient intake and by the correlations between intakes of many nutrients. The strongest evidence for a protective effect of micronutrients is for oesophageal cancer. The identity of the micronutrients is not certain, but may include retinol, riboflavin, ascorbic acid and Zn; alcohol, smoking and dietary nitrosamines increase the risk for oesophageal cancer. For stomach cancer there is good evidence that fruit and vegetables are protective. The protective effect of these foods might be largely due to ascorbic acid, but other nutrients and non-nutrients may also be important; the risk for stomach cancer is increased by salt, some types of preserved foods, and by infection of the stomach with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. The risk for lung cancer appears to be reduced by a high intake of fruit and vegetables, but it is not clear which agents are responsible and the major cause of lung cancer is cigarette smoking. Diet is probably the major determinant of the risk for colo-rectal cancer; there is evidence that fruit and vegetables and fibre reduce risk and that meat and animal fat increase risk, but there is no convincing evidence that these relationships are mediated by micronutrients. The risk for cervical cancer is inversely related to fruit and vegetable consumption and, therefore, to consumption of carotenoids and ascorbic acid, but the major cause of this cancer is human papillomavirus and it is not yet clear whether the dietary associations indicate a true protective effect or whether they are due to confounding by other variables. The evidence that micronutrients are important in the aetiology of either breast cancer or prostate cancer is weak, but the possible roles of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and alpha-tocopherol in prostate cancer require further study.

NO:15
AU:Day NE; Bingham SA
TI:Re: Nutrition Intervention Trials In Linxian, China : supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population [letter; comment]
SO:J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994 Nov 2. 86(21). P 1645-8.

NO:16
AU:Durosinmi MA; Ojo JO; Oluwole AF; Akanle OA; Spyrou NM
AD:Department of Haematology, Obafemi Awolowo University , Ile-Ife, Nigeria .
TI:Study of trace elements in blood of cancer patients by proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis.
SO:Biol Trace Elem Res. 1994 Fall. 43-45P 351-5.
AB:Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis was employed to determine the concentrations of six elements in the plasma and erythrocytes of 18 cancer subjects (15 males and 3 females) with neoplastic disorders and in 70 controls (35 males and 35 females). It was found that the concentrations of Br, K, and Zn were significantly elevated in the erythrocytes of the cancer subjects compared to the controls, whereas the concentration of Fe was significantly depressed, but with no difference observed in the concentration of Ca. In the plasma, the concentrations of Br, Cu, Ca, and K were significantly elevated, whereas the concentrations of Fe and Zn were found to be significantly depressed compared to the controls.

NO:17
AU:Gutteridge JM
AD:Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, Royal Brompton Hospital , London , England , UK .
TI:Antioxidants, Nutritional Supplements And Life-threatening Diseases.
SO:Br J Biomed Sci. 1994 Sep. 51(3). P 288-95.
AB:Antioxidants are a complex and diverse group of molecules that protect key biological sites from oxidative damage. They usually act by removing or inactivating chemical intermediates that produce the ultimate oxidant. Different sites in the body have evolved to use highly specialised strategies to deal with free radicals and other reactive oxygen intermediates. Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that the development of life-threatening disease, such as cancer and heart disease, is linked to our dietary intake of micronutrients including antioxidants. Modification of dietary habits together with supplementation may provide a simple yet profound way to reduce deaths from these two major diseases. Sound scientific evidence to support a curative role for antioxidants in life-threatening diseases, however, is lacking.

NO:18
AU:Strain JJ
AD:Human Nutrition Research Group, University of Ulster , Coleraine, Northern Ireland , UK .
TI:Putative Role Of Dietary Trace Elements in coronary heart disease and cancer.
SO:Br J Biomed Sci. 1994 Sep. 51(3). P 241-51.
AB:Relatively little attention has been given to the role of dietary trace elements in oxidative processes or in the aetiologies of chronic disease processes. Iron and copper are pro-oxidants in vitro, but there is now compelling evidence that adequate body copper status is required to maintain antioxidant defences in vivo. Epidemiological evidence linking measures of high iron nutritional status with both coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancer is accumulating, although there are few mechanisms implicating iron in these disease processes apart from acting as a pro-oxidant. In contrast, low copper nutritional status may produce pro-oxidant effects and experimental evidence, especially from animal models of CHD, suggests that copper has an involvement in disease mechanisms which is much wider than simply an involvement in maintaining oxidant/antioxidant balance. Zinc is considered to have antioxidant effects in vivo but the role of zinc as an antioxidant, or in CHD and cancer processes, is presently unclear. Although selenium has for some time been recognised as an antioxidant nutrient, epidemiological data gathered to date linking this trace element with either CHD or cancer are inconsistent.

NO:19
AU:Collins A; Duthie S; Ross M
AD:Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen .
TI:Micronutrients And Oxidative Stress In The aetiology of cancer.
SO:Proc Nutr Soc. 1994 Mar. 53(1). P 67-75.

NO:20
AU:Sardesai VM
TI:Molybdenum: An Essential Trace Element.
SO:Nutr Clin Pract. 1993 Dec. 8(6). P 277-81.
AB:Molybdenum is found in most foods, with legumes, dairy products, and meats being the richest sources. This metal is considered essential because it is part of a complex called molybdenum cofactor that is required for the three mammalian enzymes xanthine oxidase (XO), aldehyde oxidase (AO), and sulfite oxidase (SO). XO participates in the metabolism of purines, AO catalyzes the conversion of aldehydes to acids, and SO is involved in the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids. Molybdenum deficiency is not found in free-living humans, but deficiency is reported in a patient receiving prolonged total parenteral nutrition with clinical signs characterized by tachycardia, headache, mental disturbances, and coma. The biochemical abnormalities in this acquired molybdenum deficiency include very low levels of uric acid in serum and urine (low XO activity) and low inorganic sulfate levels in urine (low SO activity). Inborn errors of isolated deficiencies of XO, SO, and molybdenum cofactor are described. Although XO deficiency is relatively benign, patients with isolated deficiencies of SO or molybdenum cofactor exhibit mental retardation, neurologic problems, and ocular lens dislocation. These abnormalities seem to be caused by the toxicity of sulfite and/or inadequate amounts of inorganic sulfate available for the formation of sulfated compounds present in the brain. XO and AO may also participate in the inactivation of some toxic substances, inasmuch as studies suggest that molybdenum deficiency is a factor in the higher incidence of esophageal cancer in populations consuming food grown in molybdenum-poor soil.

NO:21
AU:Jellum E; Andersen A; Lund-Larsen P; Theodorsen L; Orjasaeter H
AD:Norwegian Cancer Society, Oslo .
TI:The JANUS serum bank.
SO:Sci Total Environ. 1993 Nov 1. 139-140P 527-35.
AB:The on-going JANUS project was initiated by the Norwegian Cancer Society in 1973. The serum bank comprises close to 0.5 million serum samples collected from 170,000 donors. From 2-16 consecutive samples are available from each donor. The sera are stored at -25 degrees C. At regular intervals the JANUS-collection is matched against the files of the Norwegian Cancer Registry. From 1973 to 1991 almost 5000 of the donors have developed some form of cancer. Frozen serum samples collected from a few months to 18 years prior to clinical recognition of their disease are consequently available for research purposes. The aim of the JANUS-project is to search in these premorbid sera for chemical, biochemical, immunological or other changes that might be indicative of cancer development at early stages. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and two-dimensional protein electrophoresis have been used to evaluate the stability of the frozen sera. Some recent findings are: CA125 is elevated several months prior to diagnosis of ovarian cancer; serum thyroglobulin may be a preclinical tumour marker in subgroups of thyroid cancer; low level of selenium in serum reflects increased risk of thyroid cancer; and raised antibodies in serum against Epstein-Barr virus is a risk factor for development of Hodgkin's disease. On-going research includes trace elements and cancer, and studies on lipid-profiles, diet and cancer. The serum bank may in principle be used for other purposes, e.g. in environmental studies. Analysis of sequential sera may determine chemical substances in the sera that might reflect differences in exposure to environmental pollutants in the period 1973-1991.

NO:22
AU:Stahelin HB
AD: Geriatric University Clinic, Kantonsspital, Basel , Switzerland .
TI:Critical Reappraisal Of Vitamins And Trace minerals in nutritional support of cancer patients.
SO:Support Care Cancer. 1993 Nov. 1(6). P 295-7.
AB:The potential of a high intake of fresh fruits and vegetables in cancer prevention is well established. Epidemiological studies support carotene, vitamins A, C, E and selenium as the active compounds. Antioxidant properties and direct effects (e.g. inhibition of N-nitrosamine formation or cell-to-cell interactions) are invoked. The role of other trace elements is less clear. The modulation of immune function by vitamins and trace elements remains important and affects survival. In established cancers, the site-specific differences in the diet/cancer relation require appropriate dietary changes, e.g. low fat (20% by energy) in breast cancer, or high vegetable or fruit intake in lung cancer. Single high-dose supplements (e.g. vitamin C) have proved to have no curative or life-prolonging effect. Chemotherapy and radiation increase the requirements for antioxidant compounds. Supplementation can diminish the damage induced by peroxidation. Carefully planned and monitored trials that establish the optimal intake of micronutrients as adjuvants in cancer patients are required.

NO:23
AU:Halpern GM; Trapp CL
AD:Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California , Davis .
TI:Nutrition And Immunity: Where Are We standing?
SO:Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 1993 May-Jun. 21(3). P 122-6.

NO:24
AU:Wingren G; Axelson O
AD:Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital , Linkoping , Sweden .
TI:Epidemiologic studies of occupational cancer as related to complex mixtures of trace elements in the art glass industry.
SO:Scand J Work Environ Health. 1993. 19 Suppl 1P 95-100.
AB:In the art glass industry workers run increased risks of dying from several types of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and cerebrovascular diseases. This paper considers the diseases of glass workers in relation to exposure to particular elements, a high degree of correlation being found for some of them. Case-referent evaluations showed an association between stomach cancer and exposure to a mixture of elements, namely, arsenic, copper, nickel, and manganese, and to some extent also to lead and chromium. For colon cancer, a clearly increasing trend in risk was seen with increasing use of antimony, and to some extent also with increasing use of lead, the two elements being strongly correlated. For lung cancer no obvious correlation with any metal could be found. In addition, the risk for death from cardiovascular disease was fairly evenly distributed, although slightly more related to increasing consumption of the strongly correlated metals nickel and copper.

NO:25
AU:Boffetta P
AD:International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon , France .
TI:Carcinogenicity of trace elements with reference to evaluations made by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
SO:Scand J Work Environ Health. 1993. 19 Suppl 1P 67-70.
AB:The monograph program of the International Agency for Research of on Cancer has evaluated many trace elements for their carcinogenicity to humans. Five groups of compounds were considered human carcinogens: arsenic and arsenic compounds, beryllium and beryllium compounds, cadmium and cadmium compounds, hexavalent chromium compounds, and nickel compounds. Antimony trioxide, cobalt and cobalt compounds, lead and inorganic lead compounds, methylmercury compounds, and metallic nickel were considered possibly carcinogenic to humans. Antimony trisulfide, trivalent chromium compounds, metallic chromium, ferric oxide, organolead compounds, metallic mercury, inorganic mercury compounds, selenium and selenium compounds, and titanium dioxide were not classifiable. Trace elements studied to a limited extent include copper, manganese, tin, vanadium, and zinc. Among the problems are the lack of relevant data, the definition of active species, the extrapolation of the results of experimental studies to humans, the methodological problems of epidemiologic studies, and the possible anticarcinogenic activity of some trace elements.

NO:26
TI:Carcinogenicity of trace elements. Report of a panel discussion in Stockholm 25 May 1992.
SO:Scand J Work Environ Health. 1993. 19 Suppl 1P 110-1.

NO:27
AU:Peeters EG
AD:World Institute of Ecology and Cancer, Brussels , Belgium .
TI:The Influence Of Soil Components And drinking water on the appearance of cancer: a review.
SO:J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1992 Jul-Aug. 11(4). P 201-4.
AB:The author reviews the relationships of soil and reused water with the occurrence of cancer. The effect of the soil composition on the emergence of geocancerologic diseases such as cancer of the stomach, esophagus, urinary tract, breast, bronchus, pleura, and bone is analyzed. The study also reviews geocancerologic diseases linked with the use of recycled waste water.

NO:28
AU:Ranade SS; Shingatgeri VM
TI:Contribution Of Paramagnetic Trace Elements Of biological tissues to spin lattice relaxation times [letter]
SO:Physiol Chem Phys Med NMR. 1992. 24(2). P 165-7.

NO:29
AU:Evetts I; Milton D; Mason R
AD:Department of Chemistry, University College of Swansea , UK .
TI:Trace Element Analysis In Body Fluids by glow discharge mass spectrometry: a study of lead mobilization by the drug cis-platin.
SO:Biol Mass Spectrom. 1991 Mar. 20(3). P 153-9.
AB:A method is described, using glow discharge mass spectrometry, to measure lead and platinum levels at the p.p.b. level in the urine of patients receiving cancer chemotherapy with the drug cis-platin. Using bismuth added as an internal standard, the method is found to compare very favourably with other quantitative techniques, and requires relatively little sample preparation. The data obtained support the idea that normally stored body lead is displaced by the platinum complexed in the drug, but only to a small extent.

NO:30
AU:Flaten TP; Bolviken B
AD:Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Trondheim , Norway .
TI:Geographical associations between drinking water chemistry and the mortality and morbidity of cancer and some other diseases in Norway .
SO:Sci Total Environ. 1991 Feb. 102P 75-100.
AB:Finished drinking water samples were collected from 384 waterworks that supply 70.9% of the Norwegian population. For 97 municipalities where a majority of the population has had a stable drinking water supply from at least 1965, analytical results for Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ba, Sr, K, F-, Cl-, Br-, NO3-, SO4(2-), pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon (TOC) and colour are correlated with municipal rates for morbidity of 16 groups of cancer (1975-84), and for mortality of 17 groups of other diseases (1974-83). Several associations are found, some of which may be real, while others are incidental due to the large number of correlations involved. The ecological design of this study implies that cause-and-effect interpretations should be made with great care.

NO:31
AU:Hietanen E
AD:TYKS:n kliinisen fysiologian yksikko, Turku , Finland .
TI:[The Effects And Possibilities Of Clinical use of antioxidants]
SO:Duodecim. 1991. 107(9). P 672-9.

NO:32
AU:De Magistris R; Cavallo G; Montella M; Memmolo W
AD:Cattedra di Teniche Operatoire Generali, Universita degli Studi di Napoli I Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgia.
TI:[The Function Of Trace Elements In human nutrition and their possible role in neoplastic disease]
SO:Minerva Med. 1990 May. 81(5). P 371-83.

NO:33
AU:Deplazes G; Hauser SP
AD:Schweizerische Krebsliga, Schweizerische Gesellschaft fur Onkologie.
TI:[Cancer Treatment Using Dr. Moerman's Diet and therapy. Documentation No. 24]
SO:Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 1990 Apr 10. 79(15). P 464-7.
AB:For prophylaxis of cancer and treatment of manifest cancer Morerman recommends as the basis of his therapy a lactovegetable diet and, in addition, the '8 essential substances': vitamins A, B, C and E, iodine, sulfur, iron and citric acid. At a later stage he also recommends supplementary vitamin D and selenium. The most important aspect is the change in dietary habits required by the diet prescribed by Moerman and the ingestion of the '8 essential substances' in the form of conventional preparations. The daily cost of treatment of a prostatic cancer, for instance, ranges from about Fr. 3.- to Fr. 6.-. Side effects are not mentioned. The diet and therapy were developed by the Dutch physician Dr Moerman (1893-1988) as long ago as the 1930s. The promoters are the iridiologist J. Landman, the nutritional consultant E. Wannee and the writer R. Jochems. All three have written a book on Moerman. In Switzerland , the Lifecare Association endeavours to disseminate this form of therapy. A chronic deficiency of the '8 essential substances' is said to lead to metabolic disturbances, structural and behavioural anomalies of the regeneration tissue and alkalosis, which is claimed to be a fertile soil for the 'symbionts' that can transform healthy cells into cancer cells. Moerman came to this conclusion on the basis of his observations of pigeons. By means of a lactovegetable diet and substitution of the '8 essential substances', this metabolic disorder is said to be reversible, thus robbing the 'symbionts' of their growth medium. The results of the experiments with pigeons have, as far as we know, never been published.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

NO:34
AU:Diplock AT
AD:Division of Biochemistry, United Medical School , University of London , Guy's Hospital , U.K.
TI:Mineral Insufficiency And Cancer.
SO:Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother. 1990. 7(2-3). P 193-8.
AB:There are excellent theoretical reasons why the mineral nutrients selenium, manganese, copper and zinc, known as the antioxidant minerals, may be involved in the prevention of cancer aetiogenesis. The biochemistry is discussed of the part played by the antioxidant minerals, in the wider context of the other dietary antioxidants vitamins A, E and C, and beta carotene, in preventing tissue damage caused by activated metabolites of oxygen. The likely part played by these oxygen metabolites is described and a detailed review given of the evidence that suggests a role for antioxidant minerals, notably selenium, in preventing carcinogenesis in a range of animal models. There follows a summary of the emerging epidemiological evidence that suggests clearly that low selenium intake is a risk factor in the aetiology of human cancer.

NO:35
AU:Fernandes G; Venkatraman J
AD:Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio 78284-7874.
TI:Micronutrient and lipid interactions in cancer.
SO:Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1990. 587P 78-91.

NO:36
AU:Drake EN 2d; Sky-Peck HH
AD:Department of Chemistry, Angelo State University , San Angelo , Texas .
TI:Discriminant Analysis Of Trace Element Distribution in normal and malignant human tissues.
SO:Cancer Res. 1989 Aug 1. 49(15). P 4210-5.
AB:Discriminant analysis of 16 trace element levels measured by ultramicro energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence in malignant and histologically normal human breast, colon, and lung tissues is shown to be a potentially valuable methodology for making malignant-normal and tissue-type classifications. Linear composites of trace elements producing optimal malignant-normal discriminations are found to differ with respect to the number and identity of elements included in the composite for breast, colon, and lung tissues. Nine-, 10-, and 11-element discriminant functions produced overall classification accuracies of 98% for breast, 100% for colon, and 100% for lung tissues, respectively. Elements found to be most important in distinguishing between malignant and normal tissues are Ca, Rb, and Zn in breast, Ca, Zn, and Fe in colon, and Fe, Mn, and Cu in lung samples. Three-group discriminations between breast, colon, and lung tissues were 85% accurate using trace element levels in paired malignant-normal tissues and 91% accurate using trace element levels in tumor tissues only.

NO:37
AU:Marczynski B
AD:Department of Biochemistry, Silesian University , Katowice , Poland .
TI:Carcinogenesis As The Result Of The deficiency of some essential trace elements.
SO:Med Hypotheses. 1988 Aug. 26(4). P 239-49.
AB:"Energetic" biological trace elements [gallium (III), germanium (IV), silicon (silica), arsenic (V) and selenium (IV)] occurring in DNA of eukaryotic cells may improve the semiconductor properties of DNA and may influence the mechanisms that control genetic expression at the electronic level. Their roles are postulated as follows: (i) to maintain the level and direction of free sliding electrons in DNA, (ii) to modulate the electron conductivity and hole conductivity of DNA. This specific electronic nature of DNA take the form of magnetic pigeonholes in which an electric pulse is (0), or is not (1) stored as an area of local magnetisation. These types of conductivity occurring in different parts of DNA of different cells could participate in the switch on and switch off of genetic information in gene expression. This model may help to elucidate the mechanism of action of these naturally occurring antitumor agents and may help in understanding the role of trace elements in charge transport of DNA and in carcinogenesis.

NO:38
AU:Volkotrub LP; Iakovleva VV
TI:[Role Of Trace Elements In The etiology and pathogenesis of tumor growth]
SO:Vopr Onkol. 1988. 34(4). P 400-4.

NO:39
AU:Hinsull SM
AD:Dept. Zoology, University College , Cardiff , U.K.
TI:Diet, Ageing And Cancer.
SO:Rev Environ Health. 1987 Jul-Dec. 7(3-4). P 201-78.

NO:40
AU:Ota DM; Kleman G; Diamond K
TI:Practical Considerations In The Nutritional Management of the cancer patient.
SO:Curr Probl Cancer. 1986 Jul. 10(7). P 345-98.

Parte 2